Parkinsons Disease Essays (721 words) - Parkinsons Disease

Parkinsons Disease Parkinson Disease Damage to Broca's area in the frontal lobe causes difficulty in speaking and writing, a problem known as Broca's aphasia. Injury to Wernicke's area in the left temporal lobe results in an inability to comprehend spoken language, called Wernicke's aphasia. Cerebral palsy is a broad term for brain damage sustained close to birth that permanently affects motor function. The damage may take place either in the developing fetus, during birth, or just after birth and is the result of the faulty development or breaking down of motor pathways. Cerebral palsy is non-progressive that is, it does not worsen with time. During childhood development, the brain is particularly susceptible to damage because of the rapid growth and reorganization of nerve connections. Problems that originate in the immature brain can appear as epilepsy or other brain-function problems in adulthood. Parkinsons Disease, progressively disabling neurological disease marked by tremor and increasing stiffness of the muscles. The onset of this disease is gradual, which makes it difficult to diagnose in its early stages. Tremor usually begins in one or both hands; eventually the thumb and forefinger may show a rapid repetitive movement described as pill rolling. In addition to muscular rigidity, other symptoms include slow body movement, poor coordination, and faulty balance. A shortening of muscles along the front of the neck tends to bend the head and spine forward, while the lack of animation in the face creates a mask like expression. As these symptoms worsen, chronic fatigue, mental confusion, and speech impairment may develop and the person with Parkinsons may find it impossible to walk unassisted. The symptoms of Parkinsons disease appear when neurons (nerve cells) located in the substantia nigra, a part of the brain stem, either die or lose their ability to function properly. The chief neurotransmitteror carrier of nerve signalsin this area of the brain is dopamine, which is deficient in people who have Parkinsons. The cause of this deficiency is not known, but research suggests that several factors may reinforce each other to produce Parkinsons disease. There may be a genetic predisposition for some forms of the diseasebetween 15 and 20 percent of people with Parkinsons are closely related to an individual who displays the diseases characteristic symptoms. In 1996 scientists identified a gene associated with a rare form of Parkinsons disease. Genetic predisposition may be limited only to rare forms of the disease, however. A 1999 study found that the most common form of Parkinsons disease is not inherited, suggesting that exposure to certain environmental agents may be a pri mary cause. Although the identity of these agents remains unknown, candidates include harmful pesticides or toxins in food; and free radicals, which are unstable molecules that may contribute to neuron damage by reacting with other moleculesespecially metallic elements such as ironin the basic chemical process known as oxidation. Introduction of the drug L-dopa, or levodopa, in the mid-1960s led to the relief of Parkinsons symptoms in many people with the disease. L-dopa stimulates the production of dopamine in surviving neurons in the substantia nigra. L-dopa becomes less effective over time in relieving symptoms, at which point a substitute drug such as pergolide or bromocriptine may be prescribed. In 1997 the drugs pramipexole (sold under the brand name Mirapex) and ropinirole, (brand name Requip) were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the treatment of Parkinsons disease. These drugs appear to have fewer side effects than some of the older medicines. Other drugs that affect the action of central nervous system neurotransmitters have proven useful in relieving tremors. Brain surgery, a common method for treating Parkinsons before the discovery of L-dopa, is coming back into favor for patients with severe tremors. Surgeons use various procedures to destroy tissue in regions of the brain believed to play a role in Parkinsons disease, such as the substantia nigra. These procedures have positive effects for some people, but experts caution that they do not work for everyone. Additional surgical treatments are under investigation. Such experimental treatments include a pacemaker-like device to prevent tremors, and more recently, replacing damaged neural tissue with healthy fetal neural tissue. Psychology Essays

Understanding Urban Landscapes Essay Essay Example

Understanding Urban Landscapes Essay Essay Example Understanding Urban Landscapes Essay Essay Understanding Urban Landscapes Essay Essay The outgrowth of modern urban planning is as a consequence of attempts that are directed at turn toing and work outing the societal jobs that result due to the increased rural to urban migration. The figure of persons traveling into urban countries in hunt for better work chances keeps increasing quickly by the twenty-four hours. It has hence become important for alterations to be made and implemented in the manner edifices are designed and planned so as to cover with this state of affairs. The postmodern bend in architecture and planning is nevertheless non equipped good plenty to get by with these societal issues as it merely focuses on peculiar demands. illusions and wants. Modernists’ thought of urban planning and development focal points on large-scale. technologically rational and metropolitan-wide urban programs that are efficient that are characterized by no-frills architecture ( Harvey. 1989 ) . Post modernism architecture alternatively displays a construct of urban planning as a mixture of past signifiers of design superimposed upon each and current utilizations most of which are passing. The fact that city can merely be commanded in spots has made urban design ( postmodern bend in architecture ) to be merely sensitive to local histories. peculiar societal demands and wants and common traditions therefore bring forthing architectural signifiers that are specialized and extremely customized that scope from may run from confidant and infinites that are personalized through memorials that are traditional to spectacle merriment booming to give appealing and singular architectural manners. Post modern bend in architecture and planning has besides departed from modern be aftering constructs of how infinite is regarded. Modern be aftering perceives infinite as a thing to be shaped and created for societal intents hence ever subservient to societal undertaking building. Postmodern bend in architecture and planning nevertheless perceive infinite as an independent and independent thing that should be shaped in conformity to aesthetic purposes and values which do non needfully hold anything to make with accomplishing a societal nonsubjective except possibly for their timeless beauty ( Relph. 1987 ) . This paper seeks to find if this bend is better equipped to cover with the societal issues for which modern planning was implemented for. It can be comfortably argued that the London act of 1895 laid the foundation for modern planning that emerged on the content. This act regulated the tallness of edifices on specific sites. As old ages went by. alterations and developments were made on the Act which finally led to the geometric unadorned manners that characterize modernism that dominated urban landscapes content all over the universe ( Best A ; Kellner. 1997 ) . Modern planning was implemented to better the life conditions of urban countries. Initially urban planning aimed at work outing jobs that were present in urban countries by beautification of edifices and building of gardens. This did non work out and the aim was shifted to planing and creative activity of good residential houses and vicinities in urban countries. This displacement is really what founded the signifiers and forms of modern metropoliss. Modern urban be aftering emerged as a consequence of industrialisation which caused several people to travel to urban countries where the industries were based in hunt of occupations. Industrialization was blamed for working workers and doing inequalities in life conditions. Persons in urban countries lived in hapless conditions such that they had hapless lodging. exposed to bad air. unequal H2O and hapless wellness Urban planning hence aimed at bettering these conditions and turn toing the societal demands of those who resided in urban countries ( Relph. 1987 ) . This was done through enaction of municipal by-laws that governed and regaled the criterions of edifices. town layouts and mold of industrial towns. The by-laws besides ensured edifice patterns particularly those that concerned fire and general safety of occupants were observed. Minimal criterions were set for door and window sizes. Later. criterions that regulated the breadth of the street between edifices. size of the backyard and tallness of edifices were besides implemented ( Cohen. 1981 ) . As old ages went by and the population in urban countries increased. so were alterations made on the by-laws to suit the immense Numberss. Such alterations were chiefly made on highs of edifices increasing them so that a big figure of persons could be supported on a little country of land. Building patterns that concerned safety and wellness were nevertheless maintained. These programs aimed at keeping general cleanliness and wellness of town inhabitants. They besides went out of the vicinity and sought to guarantee that conveyance was equal and efficient in urban countries. The by-laws regulated how far from the railroad lines and roads the edifices were constructed. Streets and railroad lines were improved and illuming provided to heighten efficiency in going even at dark. These programs directed where stores. schools and other institutes would be located in urban countries. The constructs of these programs have had a great impact on modern urban landscape though non in the manner the early contrivers had hoped for ( full modern civilisation in all facets including societal ) . The impact can merely be seen in the in things such as traffic circles. u-loops. vicinity programs and the unintegrated orderly land-use zones. Their precious hopes and thoughts for Reconstruction of urban Centres and societal reforms have yielded really small. These thoughts have fundamentally either been simplified and turned to theoretical accounts that are either used in schoolrooms. adjusted to planning tools that are extremist for vicinity planning and urban Centre districting. bureaucratically modified. politically adapted for exigencies or eroded so that their application and disposal can be easy. Urban be aftering alternatively of concentrating at run intoing societal demands. it has turned to be a motion whose chief purpose is merely to do metropoliss function expeditiously more in the same as mills do. These alterations therefore resulted to what is now referred to as postmodern bend in architecture and planning. This bend is characterized by cost effectivity where the builders and interior decorators aim at salvaging cost of edifice and doing them low income undertakings. They are characterized by holding flats. stores. establishments such as categories and babe attention centres all in one edifice. This is unlike the thought the early urban contrivers had in head of a good metropolis where these installations were located in a comfy walking distance from residential countries. The job of this design where everything is housed under one roof is that growing through extension by breadth or length can non be achieved. Growth in these edifices is merely possible done generation as they no longer have the rectangular form that was required of all edifices ; they nevertheless are built in conformity with the owners’ desires who want the edifices to be distinctively different from others. This has resulted to the outgrowth of edifices that are of all kinds of forms. Postmodernist architecture and planning is considered non to hold any life as there is no clear differentiation between public environment and private belongings ( Cohen. 1981 ) . This is to connote that it has truly messed up with the environment as it is chiefly characterized by edifices and fencings and as nil is being done to continue the environment. Postmodernist architecture provides no healthy environment to the metropolis inhabitants as was intended by modern urban planning. This bend is really important as it has had a great impact on the lives of people who reside in the urban Centres Harvey. 1989 ) . The current architecture is said to typify poorness which is worse than the slums it is seeking to acquire off from. It is argued that the postmodern bend in architecture and planning does non supply nice lodging and societal proviso ( Best A ; Kellner. 1997 ) . The civilization and civic Centres presented provided by station modern architecture for illustration are argued non to hold all the needed installations such as book shops that are utile to the populace. The interior decorators in postmodern architecture and planning are besides accused of being insensitive to self variegation amongst the metropolis occupants and non doing any attempts towards supplying it as perceive it to be ugly and irrational and that it could do pandemonium. Urban occupants are besides comfy by the absence of self-diversification and seem non to trouble oneself about sing it as a demand. Switch and development in engineering has to a great extent contributed postmodern architecture and planning. It makes it possible for the interior decorators to pass on with clients and orient the designs so that they meet all the maps. cultural gustatory sensations and state of affairss. These interior decorators work to run into all the ends of their clients claiming to encompass democracy and freedom. But so they ignore the struggles that could originate between jurisprudence and democracy and the hits that exist between justness and freedom. The jobs faced by the minorities and those who are unprivileged are normally ignored ( Silver. 1996 ) . Development in communicating engineering and through the postmodern architecture has made it impossible for vicinities to turn to their ain jobs and state of affairss doing it difficult for them to develop. The modern planetary metropoliss have emerged as a consequence of alterations in cooperation. They are designed such that they serve as Centres for concern activities. Most concerns seek to do net incomes therefore will cut on costs in all ways including edifice building in footings of design and functionality. This is one of the grounds as to why most edifices are multi functional ( Johnson. 1970 ) . Postmodernist architecture is market orientated and is non in any equipt to cover with societal issues. It is chiefly focused to run into the desired of the proprietors who do non see the demands of the metropolis inhabitants. The demands of the hapless are non addressed the same manner those of the rich are. Diverse counter cultural elements have besides been ignored by postmodern architecture and planning ( Saskia. 1996 ) . Postmodernist architecture and planning has reduced environmental criterions as it has makes no attempt towards conserving the environment. It besides is private focussed and has no topographic point for the populace. It has made populating conditions in urban countries worse instead than bettering them. This goes particularly for the hapless and minorities whose demands are ever swept under the rug as those of the wealthy are addressed. It can hence be concluded that postmodern bend in architecture and planning is non good equipped to get by with the societal issues that modern urban planning was intended for. Word Count 1650. Mentions Best. S A ; Kellner. D. . ( 1997 ) . The Postmodern Turn. New York. NY Guilford Press. Cohen. R. ( 1981 ) â€Å"The New International Division of Labour. Mulitinational Corporations and Urban Hierarchy† . From M. Dear A ; A. J Scott ( explosive detection systems ) . Urbanization and Urban planning in Capitalist Societies ( 1981 ) . London. Taylor A ; Francis. Harvey. D. ( 1989 ) . Postmodernism in the City: Architecture and Urban Design† in conditions of postmodernity. Oxford. Basil Blackwell. Johnson. E. A ( 1970 ) . The Organization of Space in Developing Countries. Cambridge. Ma: Havard University Press Relph. E. ( 1987 ) . The Invention of Modern Town planning. London. Taylor A ; Francis. Saskia. S. ( 1996 ) . Cities and Communities in the Global Economy from American behavioral scientist. New York. New york: Routledge Silver. C. ( 1996 ) . Planing the Twentieth-century American City. Baltimore. Mendelevium: JHU Press. Global webs. linked metropoliss

Debating Public Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Debating Public Policy - Essay Example However, the role of such organizations has been largely unnoticed since they fund advocacy groups (Weissert, Knott, 1995, Pp. 275). The policy process can play a significant role in safeguarding minority rights which involve protection of basic human rights such as freedom of speech and expression, freedom to choose and follow religion of choice and beliefs, freedom of seeking equal protection under the law, and the liberty to participate with equal strength and vigor in the public life of the society. The protection of rights of minorities is essential to the governments and policy makers to enable them to substantiate the cultural identity of the minorities as well as their social practices and traditions. The minorities may involve people belonging to ethnic backgrounds, following different religious beliefs and customs, as well as those who are geographically located in areas where their community is less in number, and differentiated on the basis of their income. Such groups are encouraged to participate in the policy making process to facilitate smoother functioning of governmental organizations and to mai ntain national and political integrity (America.gov, 2008). The prime objective of any public decision process revolves around protection of their individual as well as collective rights through promoting welfare of their society. The choice of an appropriate and suitable public policy is the key to bringing about the desired reforms and facilitating implementation of the policies that promote and initiate welfare and overall socio –economic development of their societies. The establishment of a customary perception is assisted by increased familiarity of the social fabric of the community at large. The heightened knowledge about the existence of pre requisites which hampers the social life in a complicated metropolitan environment is reflective of conflict (Cohnstaedt, 1966,

Mathematics Autobiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mathematics Autobiography - Essay Example In my entire course, my grades were good enough to further my study since my improvement was notable. My interest in mathematics started after my first pre-calculus class. My professors led me to discover the mystery of math and showed me the significance of mathematics in the scientific world. Presently, as a math major student in Seattle University, I am focused to get a better grade. This will help me get a higher-level education of mathematics in the future. My future plans and my personal expectations in mathematics is to get into a graduate school and major in statistics. From my researched understanding, statistics is a study that involves mathematical calculations and data analysis. This helps predict the future and determine what happened in the past. A program which works with numbers and data is challenging hence will improve my cognitive understanding and make my life more wonderful. The most attractive thing about mathematics in my life is studying with numbers. I can solve problems using different approaches and prove my answers with numbers. I consider it more interesting when I solve problems using numbers instead of using words. To me, using of Reserve proof to prove a mathematics problem is like a magic. However, not every aspect of mathematics interests me. For instance, understanding of theorem and definitions, as presented in publications has always been a problem to me. Reading is the hardest part in my life, so I still need to work hard with the definitions. Calculus II, integral, and Differential Equation are the most interesting units that I have taken in my entire course. I like integral and it interests me to integrate a hard question and finally figure out the answer. After taking Differential Equation class, I learned how to integrate an equation and restore it back to its previous state. I am taking math 310 as a major requirement and the same unit is a basic class for my higher-level math classes. Proving, which is a

The drunkard Essay Example for Free

The drunkard Essay Develop the five-paragraph essay BEFORE you write so that you know Where you are going. The Use of Irony and Humor of The Drunkard In the story, The Drunkard the author Frank OConnor uses a point of view to primarily reveal humor and Irony. In the story, OConnor uses first person point of view. First person point of view is told through the eyes of the main character in this story. The main character is named Larry. Larry is a young boy who has to go along with his father one day to a funeral. Larrys father Mick Is the person referred to as the drunkard. Larry seems to know what will happen when he goes with his father but Is hoping that his father might consider his presence and not drink. Since the story is told through little Larrys eyes and thoughts the reader mainly focuses on how Larry feels about his dad being a drinker. The Irony and humor that is found in human nature is revealed through Larry, first person point of view. and what happens on his outing with his father Mick. Irony, the incongruities between the expected and actual results of events and humor, the quality of being laughably ludicrous are interweaved in this story. In the short story, The Drunkard Frank OConnor uses tlrst person point ot view to reveal the humor and irony that is created in this musing story. Humor is seen many times In the story after Larry and his father Mick reach the bar following the funeral. Larry is thirsty and takes a drink of his fathers beer. Larry finishes his fathers drink and becomes drunk afterwards. While this Is occurring his father is talking away with a man named Peter Crowley who is also a drinker. When Mick realizes Larry is drunk he knows he must take him home immediately. This scene is described as, They all stopped gabbling to gape at the strange spectacle of two sober men, middle aged men bringing home a drunken mall boy with a cut over his This could not be better told than through the eyes of Larry who at the time is observing all he sees happening around him. Two usually drunk men carrying home but a young boy who Is not sobers enough to walk. This humorous scene described by the main character reveals more enjoyment because little Larry is the one who is drunk. It is also a bit ironic that the two grown men are carrying a drunken young boy home and it Is not the other way around. Larry is watching all the people around him and knows how ridiculous he must look In between the arms of his father adepter Crowley. The humor Is revealed in an entertaining way from the first person point of view because of the situation the main character is in and how he is describing it. t Of2 Irony seems to occur In a Tew Instances since Larry Is settlng up tne reader wltn certain expectations. Larry tells us how his father is and knows exactly what will happen after the funeral. His father will wind up in a bar drunk like he had been described doing since his best friend passed away. Larrys first conclusion about the circumstances that are likely to occur is, l know I might have to bring him home, blink runk, down Blarney Lane, with all the old women at their doors, saying: Mick Delaney is on it again (302). This is Larrys prediction to how the day would end up. To the readers hilarious surprise, this is not what happens. Larrys thirst at the bar gets him in to an unusual situation and bewilderment from the liquor he has drunk. Larry as he realizes he is drunk says to himself, But, drunk and all as I was (301). both the Larry and the reader are surprised by this ironic event. Larrys prediction is reversed. He no longer has to take his drunken father home down Blarney Lane. Now Larrys father has to take Larry home blind drunk. The twist of events that Larry the main character is going through mainly reveals the irony also in a more humorous way. Humor through the eyes and words of Larry, the main character, provide the reader with more enjoyment as his day continues. As the men carry Larry by the arms he knows he is going to stroll down Blarney Lane drunk. So as Larry is proceeding down the lane he cries out to the women laughing, Ill make ye laugh at the other side of year faces if ye dont let me pass Go away ye bloody bitches Take care or Ill come back and show ye! (302). this scene described by Larry is very comical. He knows he father usually passes down this same lane drunk but does not get to realize what it is like until now. Its especially worse for Larry because he is not a grown man yet who is allowed to drink. It is ironic also because Larry never thought hed be the one walking down this lane drunk after the funeral. The humor being revealed is more amusing through the words of Larry who is telling the story from the first person point of view.

A Feminist Reading of Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay -- Feminism F

A Feminist Reading of Their Eyes Were Watching God  Ã‚     Ã‚   In Zora Neale Hurston’s novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, the reader is treated to an enthralling story of a woman’s lifelong quest for happiness and love.   Although this novel may be analyzed according to several critical lenses, I believe the perspectives afforded by French feminists Helene Cixous and Luce Irigaray have been most useful in informing my interpretation of Hurston’s book.   In â€Å"The Laugh of the Medusa,† Cixous discusses a phenomenon she calls antilove that I have found helpful in defining the social hierarchy of women and relationships between them in the novel.   In addition, Cixous addresses the idea of woman as caregiver, which can be illustrated through the character of Janie in Their Eyes Were Watching God.   On the other hand, Luce Irigaray discusses the different modes of sexual desire of men and women in her essay, â€Å"The Sex Which is Not One.†Ã‚   Many examples supporting and refuting her claims can be found in the novel. According to Cixous, the most heinous crime committed by men against women is the promotion of antilove.   â€Å"Insidiously, violently, they have led [women] to hate women, to be their own enemies, to mobilize their immense strength against themselves, to be the executants of their virile needs† (1455).   Their Eyes Were Watching God offers many examples of women in vicious contention with one another, usually involving or benefiting a man.   Janie is confronted by the malice of her female neighbors in the very first chapter of the novel, as she arrives back in Eatonville after her adventure with Tea Cake.   â€Å"The women took the faded shirt and muddy overalls and laid them away for remembrance.   It was a weapon against her strength and if i... ... 1930's can also be applied today, within the context of my own personal life and that of the surrounding society.   The challenges Janie struggles with as she moves through her life are the same struggles every woman, no matter where or when she lives, have had to face.   In my opinion, it is this universality that renders Their Eyes Were Watching God and its companion criticisms so valuable for readers.    Works Cited Cixous, Hà ©là ¨ne.   â€Å"The Laugh of the Medusa.†Ã‚   The Critical Tradition: Classic Texts and Contemporary Trends.   Ed. David H. Richter.   Boston: Bedford Books, 1998. 1454-1466. Hurston, Zora Neale.   Their Eyes Were Watching God.   New York: HarperPerennial, 1998.   Irigaray, Luce.   â€Å"That Sex Which is Not One.†Ã‚   The Critical Tradition: Classic Texts and Contemporary Trends.   Ed. David H. Richter.   Boston: Bedford Books, 1998. 1467-1471.   

Analysis of Competitive Environment Models and Tools Essay

Introduction   Ã¢â‚¬ËœClosed’ systems are described as systems having no relationship, communications and interface to its outside world.   Systems including human organizations, which is self-sustaining (both food producing and waste material recycling) has always been in touched with other organizations and its environment.   Imagine an entity floating in outer space carrying living organisms in it.   And such are producing their own food, energy and raw materials needed for survival.   But such entity will die in the future for it will need to replenish its need, energy to use and food to eat.   This fact makes an entity virtually lonely and survival impossible, thus organizations, social groups and social entities are interconnected. This connections and interactions render them as ‘open’ entities.   This connection allows entities to exchange the necessary things that will allow the survival and sustainability of its existence.   Organizations interact with its environment and other organizations for resources, information and technology, weapons, goods and services.   Thus transformation of organization becomes inevitable.   The point is it is a necessity rather than a requirement for organizations to work with or against other organizations and its environment for growth, survival and development.   A typical example of an entity, which houses everything that it needs and for its consumer: the hypermarkets. Hypermarket is a combination of a supermarket and a department store. It is a huge retail store which house a wide range of products. A well planned hypermarket allows a consumer to purchase everything in this type of facility. Like malls and grocery stores, hypermarkets follows a   on high-volume, low-margin sales model. The size of hypermarket facility covers an average of 150,000 square feet.   Such facilities are located on suburban and highly accessible areas for vehicles to accommodate large numbers of shoppers. (Wikipedia, 2007). In 1957, Carrefour was the first to introduce hypermarkets in 1957 owned by Fournier and Defforey (Wikipedia, sec 1).   This entity targeted a wide range of customers that the concept of housing all the necessary things human beings would possibly need was made in one entity.   Analysing this kind of organization using the different environmental analysis models and tools, we can get rich lessons from   Carrefour. The STEP checklist (Social, Technological, Economic and Political). STEP is simple and has many applications in many fields.   STEP is an acronym, which stands for Social, Technological, Economic and Political Checklist.   This method determines the factors that influences organizations/entities accurately and systematically.   The STEP checklist facilitates ease of determining the factors that influences the organization (Armson et al, 12-13). Social factors include demography, culture and values of an organization, vision and mission. The physical aspects of the society are measured by sociological factors like age, class, trends in migration and emigration, and so on.   Carrefour had integrated a multilevel marketing strategy based on this indicator.   A family as a unit has special need for each member. If Carrefour could bring all these needs in one place, the family need not go on separate ways.   As they acquire the needs, the company of each member is not sacrificed.   Exchange of opinions regarding clothes for each member and the amount of consumption and expenditure is also discussed while they go shopping around. Technological factors refer to machines, discoveries and techniques developed that improve communication, systems, and the general way of life.   Economic factors refer to the financial growth, family income and other economic indicators.   Political factor translates to the rules and regulations, government and system of governance and the political direction of the organization in terms of leadership.   Carrefour in this example had brought in together in one place the advances in technology.   The barcodes that we have, the electronic transactions that we have are all products of the chain reaction in putting together shops in one place.   The need for efficiency and fast movement of goods was conceptualized little by little. The Transformation Model The STEP model is an overview of everything that occurs in an organization.   It determines individual movement of society and its causal agent.   In transformation model, inputs determine the output using a certain ‘transformation’ process. This Input-Process-Output process has been borrowed from Ludwig von Bertalanffy in 1950 in his general systems theory (Wikipedia, par 1, sec. 1).   This theory is an approach that looks into the properties of systems in terms of relationships and processes and those that emerge from these relationships and processes which also conveys the whole. In the point of view of customer relations, Carrefour had encountered a lot of challenges that it evolved into an efficient system of customer service.   A special section perhaps dealing with product complains, product testing and purchase returns was created.   The reaction to its competitors was to move the same. Show the customer concerns and care for their needs as they value their hard earned money.   Other inputs like management had evolved from simple to complex structure.   But as this processes occurred, everything also move with them like customer perception, supplier value-adding activities, government regulations and even lifestyle of the community which they exist. Mintzberg’s ‘Physiognomy’ Physiognomy was used by palm readers to read lines in human hands in relation to the human character.   In this case, we use faces to read characters of organizations.   Mintzberg believes that organizations should forged links or ‘coalitions’.   These coalitions are useful when problems that require resolution arise.   When the different interests relating to the problem represent different groups, power groups are said to arise (Armson et al, 12-13). In addition to this, Mintzberg created ‘cast lists’ of every groups and/or coalition, which could be used as checklist also.   He named key players in these coalitions such as owners, associates, associations, and publics. Economic Sector Analysis Another method of dissecting business environment is the use of sectors and markets in the economics point of view (Armson et al, 14-15).   Economists termed sector (more like industries) in the use of economic activities.   In a sector, similar goods and services are produce such that each is affected by one another.   For example, a growing sector affects other sectors as well as the organizations within that sector.   Whether these effects are large or small, the use of sector analysis allows us to explore organizations in the same sector especially what is distinct in that organization.   Again Carrefour as a hypermarket entity pioneer spurred other hypermarket entities to compete and also join industries to lobby for government policies. References: Armson, Rosalind, John Martin, Susan Carr, Roger Spear and Walsh Tony. The Open University: Managing in Organizations: Identifying Environmental Issues. 1995. p11-15. General Systems Theory. Wikipedia- the Free Encyclopedia.   2006. Hypermarket.   Wikipedia- the free encyclopedia: 2007 â€Å"Carrefour† Wikipedia- the free encyclopedia.   12 February 2007.